He aha ka mea maikaʻi loa no ka sila mīkini pale i ka corrosion?

Hoʻolauna

ʻO ke koho ʻana i kahi mea no ka sila mechanical pale i ka palaho, ʻaʻole ia e pili ana i ka loaʻa ʻana o hoʻokahi koho "maikaʻi loa" ma ke ao holoʻokoʻa, akā e pili ana i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i nā helehelena sila, nā elastomers, a me nā ʻāpana metala i ke ʻano o ka wai, ka mahana, ke kaomi, a me nā kūlana hana. Hiki i ka hui hewa ke hoʻolalelale i ka ʻaʻahu ʻana, hoʻoulu i ka hoʻouka kemika, a hoʻopōkole i ke ola sila, e alakaʻi ana i ka leakage, downtime, a me nā pilikia palekana. Hōʻike kēia ʻatikala pehea e hana ai nā koho mea maʻamau e like me ka silicon carbide, tungsten carbide, Hastelloy, PTFE, a me nā elastomers kūikawā i ka lawelawe corrosive, a pehea e loiloi ai iā lākou ma muli o ke kemika hana i hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike i ke kūkulu sila kūpono loa no kāu noi.

No ke aha he mea nui ke koho ʻana i nā mea no nā sila mīkini pale i ka palaho

Ke kuhikuhi nei i kahisila mīkini pale i ka palahoʻo ia kekahi o nā hoʻoholo ʻenekinia koʻikoʻi loa i nā ʻōnaehana lawelawe wai.ʻO nā sila mīkini ke pale muama waena o nā wai hana hoʻouka kaua a me ke kaiapuni o waho, e pale ana i nā hoʻokuʻu weliweli a me ka pale ʻana i nā ʻāpana pamu kūloko. I ka wā e hana ai i nā mea hoʻoheheʻe ʻino loa—e like me nā waikawa ikaika, nā alkalis caustic, a i ʻole nā ​​​​mea hoʻoheheʻe ikaika—ʻaneʻane ʻaʻohe palena no ka hewa. Hiki ke hana koke ʻia ka hōʻino ʻana o nā mea, e alakaʻi ana i ka nalowale o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana, nā pōʻino o ke kaiapuni, a me ka hōʻino nui ʻana o nā lako.

Pono ke kaʻina koho i kahi ʻike piha o ka metallurgy, tribology, a me ka kemika elastomer. ʻAʻole he ʻāpana monolithic ka sila mechanical; he hui ia o nā alo wili a paʻa, nā mea sila lua, a me nā lako metala. Pono kēlā me kēia o kēia mau ʻāpana e kū kūʻokoʻa i ke kaiapuni kemika me ka mālama ʻana i nā hoʻomanawanui mechanical pololei ma lalo o nā kaomi a me nā mahana like ʻole. ʻO ka hiki ʻole ke hoʻohālikelike i nā mea kūpono i ke kemika wai kikoʻī e hōʻemi nui i ka Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF) a hoʻonui i nā pilikia hana.

Kemika hana, ka pilikia leakage, a me ka hopena downtime

Hoʻoholo ke kemika hana i ka wikiwiki a me ke ʻano o ka hōʻino ʻana o nā mea. Hiki i nā wai ʻoihana ke hōʻike i nā pae pH koʻikoʻi, mai ka waikawa kiʻekiʻe (pH < 1) a i ka alkaline kiʻekiʻe (pH > 13), e hoʻouka like ana kēlā me kēia i nā mea. No ka laʻana, hiki i nā waikawa oxidizing e like me ka waikawa nitric ke hoʻopau i kekahi mau kila kila akā luku koke i nā maka sila kalapona maʻamau. Eia kekahi, ʻo nā mea haumia trace, ka mea i nānā pinepine ʻole ʻia i nā kikoʻī wai nui, hiki ke hana ma ke ʻano he catalysts no nā ʻano hana corrosion kūloko e like me ka pitting a i ʻole ka crevice corrosion.

ʻOi aku ka pilikia o ka leakage e pili ana me ke koho pono ʻole ʻana o nā mea ma mua o kahi hemahema mechanical maʻalahi. I ka hana kemika a me ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe petrochemical, pono e hoʻopaʻa pono ʻia nā hui organik volatile (VOC) a me nā mea haumia ea weliweli. Ke kauoha pinepine nei nā lula o ka Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) e noho mau ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o ka sila pamu ma lalo o ka paepae 500 ʻāpana i kēlā me kēia miliona (ppm). ʻO ka haki ʻana i ka maka sila i hoʻoulu ʻia e ka corrosion a i ʻole ka hōʻino ʻana o ka elastomer hiki ke hana i nā uhaki kānāwai koke, e pono ai nā pani ulia pōpilikia a hoʻoulu i ka hōʻike kaiapuni mandatory.

ʻO nā kumukūʻai hāʻule i pili i ka kūlike ʻole o nā mea

ʻOi aku ka hopena kālā o ka hoʻohālikelike maikaʻi ʻole o nā mea ma mua o ke kumukūʻai kūʻai mua o ka sila mechanical ponoʻī. Ke hāʻule mua kahi sila ma muli o ka hoʻouka ʻana o ka kemika, hoʻonui ʻia nā kumukūʻai hoʻololi pololei e ka hana e pono ai no ka unuhi ʻana o ka pamu, ka decontamination, a me ke kau hou ʻana. ʻOi aku ka nui, hiki ke nui loa nā kumukūʻai ʻaʻole pololei e pili ana me ka downtime i hoʻolālā ʻole ʻia. I loko o nā hale hana hoʻomau kiʻekiʻe-throughput, hiki i kahi hāʻule ʻana o ka pamu i manaʻo ʻole ʻia ke hoʻōki i kahi laina hana, e loaʻa ana nā kumukūʻai downtime mai $10,000 a ʻoi aku ma mua o $50,000 i kēlā me kēia hola ma muli o ka ʻoihana a me ka waiwai o ka huahana.

Eia kekahi, hiki i ka leaka ʻino ke hōʻino i nā lako a puni. ʻAe kahi sila i hoʻopilikia ʻia i nā kemika ikaika e hoʻouka i ke koʻokoʻo pamu, nā bearings, a me nā hale kaʻa. ʻO ka mea i hoʻomaka mua ʻia ma ke ʻano he hemahema sila kūloko hiki ke piʻi koke i kahi hemahema pamu pōʻino e pono ai ke kūkulu hou ʻana i ke kiʻikuhi bearing piha a i ʻole ke hoʻololi ʻana i ke koʻokoʻo. ʻO ka hoʻopukapuka kālā ʻana i nā mea kūpono e kū i ka corrosion ma mua—ʻoiai inā e hoʻonui ia i ke kumukūʻai ʻāpana mua ma 200% a 300%—e hua mai ana i kahi Return on Investment (ROI) kiʻekiʻe loa ma ka hoʻolōʻihi ʻana i ka MTBF mai kekahi mau mahina a i kekahi mau makahiki.

Nā Koho Mea no nā Sila Mekanika Pale i ka ʻAʻai

ʻO ke kūkulu ʻana i kahi sila mechanical pale i ka palaho e pono ai ke koho ʻana i nā mea kūikawā no ʻekolu mau ʻāpana like ʻole: nā helehelena sila mua, nā lako metala (nā pūnāwai, nā pine hoʻokele, a me nā glands), a me nā mea sila lua (O-rings a me nā gaskets). Ke kū nei kēlā me kēia ʻāpana i nā pilikia hana kūikawā, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻo kahi mea e hana maikaʻi loa ana ma ke ʻano he O-ring static ʻaʻole paha i kūpono loa no kahi helehelena sila hoʻoulu wela.

Nā mea maka sila e like me ka silicon carbide

ʻO nā helehelena sila mua nā ʻāpana koʻikoʻi loa, ʻoiai lākou e mālama ana i kahi ʻili wai microscopic ʻoiai e wili ana kekahi i kekahi.Kalaka silika (SiC)ua manaʻo nui ʻia ʻo ia ka mea maka sila mua no ka lawelawe kemika koʻikoʻi. ʻO ke kikoʻī, hāʻawi ka silicon carbide direct-sintered (alpha) i ke kū'ē kemika kokoke i ke ao holoʻokoʻa ma kahi pH range o 0 a 14 a hiki ke kū i nā mahana hana a hiki i 300°C (572°F). ʻAʻole e like me ka silicon carbide i hoʻopaʻa ʻia me ka hopena, nona ka silicon manuahi hiki ke hoʻokuʻu ʻia e nā caustics ikaika a i ʻole ka waikawa hydrofluoric, noho paʻa ka alpha-sintered SiC ma aneane nā media hoʻouka kaua.

ʻO nā koho mea maka ʻē aʻe e pili ana i ka tungsten carbide (WC) a me nā ʻano kalapona like ʻole. He paʻa loa ka tungsten carbide a kūpaʻa i ka hopena, e kūpono ana no nā slurries abrasive, akā ʻo kona kūpaʻa kemika e hilinaʻi nui ʻia i kāna mea hoʻopaʻa. ʻOi aku ka makemake ʻia o ka tungsten carbide i hoʻopaʻa ʻia me ka nickel ma mua o nā ʻano cobalt-bound i nā wahi corrosive, ʻoiai ʻaʻole ia e emi iho ma mua o SiC i nā waikawa ikaika. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā maka kalapona i hoʻokomo ʻia me ka antimony a i ʻole ka resin-impregnated ma ke ʻano he apo male e kūʻē iā SiC ma muli o ko lākou mau waiwai lubricating ponoʻī maikaʻi loa, inā ʻaʻole i loaʻa i ka wai hana nā mea oxidizing ikaika e hoʻouka i ke ʻano kalapona.

Nā metala a me nā mea hoʻohui e kū'ē i ka palaho

Pono nā ʻāpana metala o ke sila, me ka papa gland, ka lima, a me nā pūnāwai, e kūʻē i ka pala like a me nā hoʻouka kūloko e like me ka pitting a me ka stress corrosion cracking (SCC). ʻOiai ʻo ke kila kila 316 ke kūlana ʻoihana no ka lawelawe maʻamau, he mea maʻalahi loa ia i ka pitting i hoʻokomo ʻia e ka chloride. No nā wahi hoʻopilikia, pono nā ʻenekinia e kuhikuhi i nā alloys kiʻekiʻe e pili ana i kā lākou Pitting Resistance Equivalent Number (PREN). ʻO ka PREN ma luna o 40 ka mea maʻamau e koi ʻia no ka lawelawe chloride koʻikoʻi a i ʻole ka lawelawe acidic.

ʻO Hastelloy C-276 (PREN > 45) kekahi o nā hui nickel-molybdenum-chromium versatile loa, e hāʻawi ana i ke kū'ē kūikawā i ke kinoea chlorine pulu, hypochlorites, a me kahi ākea o nā waikawa organik a me nā inorganic. Ua koho pinepine ʻia ʻo Titanium Grade 2 no nā noi media oxidizing a me ka wai kai ma muli o kona ʻili oxide paʻa, pale, ʻoiai he palupalu ia i ka chlorine maloʻo. ʻO Alloy 20 kekahi koho maʻamau, i hana kūikawā ʻia e kū'ē i ka hoʻouka ʻana o ka waikawa sulfuric i nā mahana kiʻekiʻe a me nā ʻano.

Nā Elastomers a me nā mea sila lua

ʻO nā mea sila lua, ʻo ia hoʻi nā O-ring, e hāʻawi i ka sila paʻa ma waena o ka hui sila mechanical a me ka pahu pamu. ʻO ke koho ʻana o Elastomer ka mea e kaupalena pinepine ai i ka hana kemika a me ka thermal o kahi sila. ʻO Fluoroelastomers (FKM), i ʻike nui ʻia e ka inoa inoa ʻo Viton, he maʻamau no nā waikawa akahai he nui a me nā wai i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka petroleum akā e hoʻohaʻahaʻa koke i nā ketones, amines, a me nā alkalis ikaika.

No ke kūpaʻa koʻikoʻi i ka palaho, pono nā perfluoroelastomers (FFKM), e like me Kalrez a i ʻole Chemraz. Hāʻawi nā hui FFKM i ke kūpaʻa kemika kokoke like me PTFE akā mālama i ka hoʻomanaʻo elastic e pono ai no ka sila ʻana i ka ikaika. Hiki iā lākou ke kū i nā mea hoʻoheheʻe ikaika, nā waikawa ikaika, a me nā kumu ma nā mahana hana mau a hiki i 327°C (620°F). Ke pale ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka FFKM piha e nā palena kālā, hāʻawi nā PTFE-encapsulated FKM a i ʻole nā ​​​​​​apo silicone O i kahi koho kūpono, e hāʻawi ana i ka inertness kemika o kahi ʻaʻahu PTFE me ka kūpaʻa mechanical o kahi elastomer core.

Pehea e loiloi ai i nā mea sila no nā kūlana lawelawe

ʻO ka loiloi ʻana i nā mea sila e pono ai ka neʻe ʻana ma mua o nā pakuhi kūlike kemika maʻamau a me ka nānā ʻana i nā kūlana loli o ke kaiapuni hana. ʻO kahi mea i inert kemika ma ka mahana o ka lumi e ʻeha koke paha i ka hōʻino ʻia ke kau ʻia i ka wela frictional i hana ʻia ma nā alo sila a i ʻole ke loli ka nui o ka wai i ka wā o nā haunaele kaʻina hana. Pono nā ʻenekinia e loiloi i ka envelope thermodynamic a me ke kemika holoʻokoʻa o ka noi.

Nā loli hana e like me ka noʻonoʻo ʻana, nā chloride, a me ka mahana

Hoʻololi nui ka mahana, ka nui o ka ʻike, a me ke alo o nā ion kikoʻī i nā helu pala. No ka laʻana, ua ʻae maikaʻi ʻia ke kila kila 316 no ka wai mahana ambient, akā inā ʻoi aku ka nui o ka chloride ma mua o 1000 ppm a piʻi aʻe ka mahana ma luna o 60°C (140°F), lilo ka mea i mea maʻalahi loa i ka stress corrosion cracking (SCC) a me ka pitting wikiwiki. No laila, koi pinepine nā noi e pili ana i ka brine wela a i ʻole ka wai kai i nā kila kila super duplex a i ʻole titanium.

He mea koʻikoʻi like ka nui o ka waikawa. Hōʻike ka waikawa sulfuric i kahi ʻano pala ʻole linear: he mea ʻino loa ka waikawa sulfuric dilute i nā metala he nui, e koi ana iā Hastelloy a i ʻole Alloy 20, ʻoiai ʻo ka waikawa sulfuric i hoʻopaʻa ʻia (>90%) hiki ke lawelawe ʻia i kekahi manawa e nā kila kalapona maʻamau i nā mahana ambient ma muli o ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o kahi kiʻi sulfate passivating. Eia nō naʻe, inā omo ka waikawa i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka makū mai ka lewa, e hoʻomaka koke ka dilution kūloko i ka hoʻouka kaua ʻino nui ma ka lako sila.

Nā kūkaʻi waiwai a me nā kumu hoʻohālikelike

ʻO ke koho ʻana i ka mea kūpono e pili pinepine ana i ke kaulike ʻana i nā waiwai mechanical a me nā kemika hoʻokūkū. ʻOiai ʻo ka alpha-sintered silicon carbide e hāʻawi i ke kūpaʻa ʻole i ka pala, he palupalu loa ia. Inā ʻike ka pamu i ka cavitation koʻikoʻi a i ʻole ka deflection shaft, hiki i nā ʻaoʻao SiC ke haki nui. I nā noi kahi e hopohopo nui ai ka haʻalulu mechanical me ka pala, hiki i nā ʻenekinia ke hoʻokuʻu ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi ʻaoʻao tungsten carbide ʻoi aku ka paʻa, ʻoiai ʻaʻole inert iki ka kemika.

ʻO ka conductivity thermal kekahi mea hoʻohālikelike koʻikoʻi. Hoʻopuka nā ʻaoʻao sila i ka wela frictional koʻikoʻi, pono e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o ke kahe hana e pale ai i ka wai mai ka ʻā ʻana i ka mahu. Loaʻa iā SiC ka conductivity thermal maikaʻi loa, e huki ana i ka wela mai ka interface sila wikiwiki loa ma mua o ka alumina ceramic a i ʻole carbon. Hoʻemi kēia hiki i ka pilikia o ka haʻalulu thermal a hoʻolōʻihi i ke ola o nā elastomers lua.

Ke lawa ʻole ka hoʻonui ʻana i hoʻokahi mea

I kekahi mau noi koʻikoʻi, ʻaʻole lawa ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka metallurgy a me nā mea maka o kahi sila mechanical hoʻokahi e hōʻoia i ka hilinaʻi. Ke weliweli loa kahi wai, ʻawahia, a i ʻole maʻalahi i ka polymerizing i ka wā e launa pū ai me ka oxygen lewa, pono ka noi i kahihoʻonohonoho sila mīkini pāluaHoʻohana nā sila pālua i ʻelua mau seti o nā alo sila a hoʻokomo i kahi pale a wai buffer paha ma waena o lākou.

Ma lalo o nā hoʻolālā paipu maʻamau o ka American Petroleum Institute (API), e like me ka API Plan 53A a i ʻole 54, ua hoʻopuni ʻia kahi wai pale i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma waena o nā sila o loko a me waho. Mālama ʻia kēia wai ma kahi kaomi ma kahi o 10% a 15% (maʻamau 1.5 a 2.0 bar) ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ke kaomi o ka pahu hoʻopiha pamu. Ma muli o ke kaomi kiʻekiʻe o ka wai pale, ʻo kekahi leakage ma waena o ke alo o ka sila o loko e kahe ana i loko o ke kaʻina hana, e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ana ʻaʻole e pili ka wai hana corrosive i nā ʻāpana sila o waho a i ʻole e pakele i ka lewa. ʻAe kēia hoʻolālā i nā lako sila o waho e kūkulu ʻia mai nā mea maʻamau, emi ke kumu kūʻai.

Nā Kumu Kūʻai a me ka Hoʻokō i ke Koho ʻana i nā Mea

ʻO ke kiʻi ʻana i nā sila mīkini pale i ka palaho e pili ana i ka hoʻokele ʻana i nā kaulahao lako paʻakikī, ka hoʻokele ʻana i nā manawa alakaʻi lōʻihi no nā mea exotic, a me ka hōʻoia ʻana i ka mālama pono ʻana i nā kūlana hoʻokō ʻoihana. ʻO ka hiki ʻole ke palapala pono a hōʻoia i nā ʻano mea hiki ke alakaʻi i nā hemahema weliweli a me nā kuleana kānāwai koʻikoʻi, ʻoi aku hoʻi i nā ʻāpana i hoʻoponopono nui ʻia e like meʻaila a me ke kinoea, nā lāʻau lapaʻau, a me ka hana kemika.

Nā kūlana, nā palapala, a me ka hiki ke hahai ʻia

Pono nā noi pilikia kiʻekiʻe i nā palapala paʻa e hōʻoia i ka hoʻohana maoli ʻia ʻana o nā mea i kuhikuhi ʻia i ke kūkulu ʻana o ke sila. I ka ʻoihana petrochemical, pono e hoʻokō pinepine nā sila mechanical me nā kūlana API 682 4th Edition, e kuhikuhi ana i nā ʻano mea kikoʻī no nā kūlana lawelawe like ʻole. No nā noi e pili ana i ka hydrogen sulfide (H2S), pono e hoʻokō nā ʻāpana metala me NACE MR0175 / ISO 15156 e pale aku i ka haki ʻana o ka sulfide stress.

I mea e hōʻoia ai i ka hiki ke hahai ʻia, koi pinepine nā ʻenekinia kūʻai i nā Hōʻike Hoʻāʻo Mea (MTR) no nā ʻāpana metala āpau i pulu ʻia. Eia kekahi, hiki i nā hale ke hana i ka hoʻāʻo ʻana o ka Positive Material Identification (PMI) ma hope o ka loaʻa ʻana o ke sila. Hoʻohana ka PMI i nā mea kālailai fluorescence X-ray (XRF) e hōʻoia i ka haku mele ʻana o nā mea hoʻohuihui, e hōʻoia ana ʻaʻole i hoʻololi hewa ka mea hoʻolako i ke kila kila 304 no ka Hastelloy C-276 i noi ʻia.

Ka hiki i ka mea hoʻolako a me nā pilikia o ke kumu kūʻai

ʻO ke kūʻai ʻana mai o nā mea hao exotic a me nā elastomers hana kiʻekiʻe e halihali ana i nā pilikia kūlohelohe.

Pehea e koho ai i ka hui pū ʻana o nā mea maikaʻi loa

Nā Manaʻo Koʻikoʻi

• ʻO nā hopena koʻikoʻi loa a me ke kumu no ka sila mechanical pale corrosion
• Nā kikoʻī, ka hoʻokō ʻana, a me nā loiloi pilikia e pono ke hōʻoia ʻia ma mua o kou hoʻohiki ʻana
• Nā hana kūpono a me nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo hiki i ka poʻe heluhelu ke noi koke

Nā Nīnau i Nīnau Pinepine ʻia

He aha ka mea o ke alo sila i ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi no ka sila mechanical kūpaʻa i ka pala?

ʻO ka Alpha-sintered silicon carbide ka koho maikaʻi loa a puni no ka mea lawelawe maikaʻi ia i nā waikawa, alkalis, a me nā mahana kiʻekiʻe ma mua o nā helehelena kalapona maʻamau.

I ka manawa hea e pale ʻia ai nā alo tungsten carbide a i ʻole nā ​​​​​​ala kalapona?

E pale i ke kalapona maʻamau i loko o nā wai oxidizing ikaika a i ʻole nā ​​​​wai ʻino loa. E akahele me ka tungsten carbide kahi e hiki ai ke hoʻouka kemika; e hōʻoia i ka kūlike o ka wai ma mua o ke koho ʻana.

Ua like ke kūpaʻa ʻana o nā helehelena sila silicon carbide a pau i ka pohō?

ʻAʻole. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ke kūpaʻa kemika o ka Alpha-sintered SiC ma mua o ka SiC i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka hopena, ʻoi aku hoʻi i nā caustics ikaika a me kekahi mau lawelawe kemika ikaika.

He aha nā ʻāpana sila ʻē aʻe e pono e kū i ka pala ma waho aʻe o nā alo?

E nānā pū i nā ʻāpana metala a me nā elastomers. Pono nā pūnāwai, nā glands, a me nā O-ring e kūlike me ke kaʻina hana wai, ka mahana, a me ke kaomi a i ʻole e hāʻule paha ke sila me nā helehelena premium.

Hiki iā Victor Seals ke kōkua i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i nā sila pale i ka pala i nā hiʻohiʻona pamu OEM?

ʻAe. Hāʻawi ʻo Victor Seals i nā sila mīkini OEM-kūpono a me nā sila pani no nā lama pamu ʻoihana he nui, e kōkua ana i nā hui mālama e koho i nā mea kūpono no nā hana ʻino.