He mea nui ke koho ʻana i ka mea no kāu sila no ka mea e pāʻani ia i kahi kuleana i ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka maikaʻi, ke ola a me ka hana o kahi noi, a me ka hōʻemi ʻana i nā pilikia i ka wā e hiki mai ana. Maanei, ke nānā nei mākou pehea e hoʻopilikia ai ke kaiapuni i ke koho ʻana i nā mea sila, a me kekahi o nā mea maʻamau a me nā noi e kūpono loa ai lākou.
Nā kumu kaiapuni
He mea koʻikoʻi ke kaiapuni e hōʻike ʻia ai kahi sila i ke koho ʻana i ka hoʻolālā a me nā mea. Aia kekahi mau waiwai koʻikoʻi e pono ai nā mea sila no nā kaiapuni āpau, me ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi alo sila paʻa, hiki ke alakaʻi i ka wela, kūpaʻa i nā kemika, a me ke kūpaʻa maikaʻi i ka ʻaʻahu.
I kekahi mau wahi, pono e ʻoi aku ka ikaika o kēia mau waiwai ma mua o nā wahi ʻē aʻe. ʻO nā waiwai mea ʻē aʻe e pono e noʻonoʻo ʻia i ka wā e noʻonoʻo ai i ke kaiapuni e komo pū ana me ka paʻakikī, ka ʻoʻoleʻa, ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka wela, ka ʻaʻahu a me ke kūpaʻa kemika. ʻO ka hoʻomanaʻo ʻana i kēia mau mea e kōkua iā ʻoe e ʻike i ka mea kūpono no kāu sila.
Hiki i ke kaiapuni ke hoʻoholo inā hiki ke hoʻonohonoho mua ʻia ke kumukūʻai a i ʻole ka maikaʻi o ke sila. No nā wahi abrasive a me nā wahi ʻino, ʻoi aku ke kumukūʻai o nā sila ma muli o ka pono o nā mea e pono ai ke ikaika e kū i kēia mau kūlana.
No ia mau ʻano kaiapuni, ʻo ka hoʻolilo ʻana i ke kālā no kahi sila kiʻekiʻe e uku hou iā ia iho i ka hala ʻana o ka manawa no ka mea e kōkua ia i ka pale ʻana i nā pani ʻana, nā hoʻoponopono, a me ka hoʻoponopono hou ʻana a i ʻole ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke sila e hopena ai kahi sila haʻahaʻa. Eia nō naʻe, i nā noi pamu me ka wai maʻemaʻe loa nona nā waiwai lubricating, hiki ke kūʻai ʻia kahi sila haʻahaʻa ke kumu kūʻai ma kahi o nā bearings kiʻekiʻe.
Nā mea sila maʻamau
Kalapona
ʻO ke kalapona i hoʻohana ʻia i nā alo sila he hui ʻana ia o ke kalapona amorphous a me ka graphite, me nā pakeneka o kēlā me kēia e hoʻoholo ai i nā waiwai kino ma ka papa hope loa o ke kalapona. He mea paʻa a inert ia e hiki ke hoʻowali ponoʻī.
Hoʻohana nui ʻia ia ma ke ʻano he hoʻokahi o nā ʻaoʻao hopena ʻelua i nā sila mechanical, a he mea kaulana nō hoʻi ia no nā sila puni ʻāpana a me nā apo piston ma lalo o ka maloʻo a i ʻole ka nui liʻiliʻi o ka lubrication. Hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia kēia hui kalapona/graphite me nā mea ʻē aʻe e hāʻawi iā ia i nā ʻano like ʻole e like me ka emi ʻana o ka porosity, ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka hana ʻaʻahu a i ʻole ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka ikaika.
ʻO ka sila kalapona i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia me ka resin thermoset ka mea maʻamau no nā sila mechanical, me ka hapa nui o nā kalapona i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia me ka resin hiki ke hana i nā ʻano kemika like ʻole mai nā kumu ikaika a i nā waikawa ikaika. Loaʻa iā lākou nā waiwai frictional maikaʻi a me kahi modulus kūpono e kōkua i ka kaohi ʻana i nā distortions kaomi. Kūpono kēia mea no ka hana maʻamau a hiki i 260°C (500°F) i loko o ka wai, nā coolants, nā wahie, nā aila, nā hopena kemika māmā, a me nā noi meaʻai a me nā lāʻau lapaʻau.
Ua hōʻoia ʻia hoʻi ka holomua o nā sila kalapona i hoʻopili ʻia me ka antimony ma muli o ka ikaika a me ka modulus o ka antimony, e maikaʻi ana no nā noi kaomi kiʻekiʻe ke pono kahi mea ikaika a paʻakikī. ʻOi aku ka pale ʻana o kēia mau sila i ka blistering i nā noi me nā wai viscosity kiʻekiʻe a i ʻole nā hydrocarbons māmā, e lilo ia i papa maʻamau no nā noi refinery he nui.
Hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia ke kalapona me nā mea hana kiʻiʻoniʻoni e like me nā fluorides no ka holo maloʻo, cryogenics a me nā noi vacuum, a i ʻole nā mea hoʻopaʻa oxidation e like me nā phosphates no ke kiʻekiʻe o ka mahana, ka wikiwiki kiʻekiʻe, a me nā noi turbine a hiki i 800ft/sec a ma kahi o 537°C (1,000°F).
Keramika
He mau mea metala ʻole inorganic nā keramika i hana ʻia mai nā hui kūlohelohe a synthetic paha, ʻo ka mea maʻamau ka alumina oxide a i ʻole alumina. Loaʻa iā ia kahi kiko heheʻe kiʻekiʻe, paʻakikī kiʻekiʻe, kūpaʻa kiʻekiʻe i ka ʻaʻahu a me ke kūpaʻa oxidization, no laila ua hoʻohana nui ʻia ia i nā ʻoihana e like me nā mīkini, nā kemika, ka ʻaila, nā lāʻau lapaʻau a me nā kaʻa.
Loaʻa iā ia nā waiwai dielectric maikaʻi loa a hoʻohana pinepine ʻia no nā insulators uila, nā ʻāpana pale ʻaʻahu, nā mea wili, a me nā ʻāpana wela kiʻekiʻe. I nā maʻemaʻe kiʻekiʻe, loaʻa i ka alumina ke kūpaʻa kemika maikaʻi loa i ka hapa nui o nā wai hana ʻē aʻe ma mua o kekahi mau waikawa ikaika, e alakaʻi ana iā ia e hoʻohana ʻia i nā noi sila mechanical he nui. Eia nō naʻe, hiki i ka alumina ke haki maʻalahi ma lalo o ka haʻalulu wela, kahi i kaupalena i kona hoʻohana ʻana i kekahi mau noi kahi e hiki ai ke lilo i pilikia.
Hana ʻia ka silicon carbide ma ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka silica a me ka coke. He like kona kemika me ka keramika, akā he ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka lubrication a ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī, e lilo ia i hopena paʻakikī maikaʻi no nā ʻano ʻino.
Hiki ke hoʻopili hou ʻia a hoʻowali ʻia i hiki ke hoʻoponopono hou ʻia kahi sila i nā manawa he nui i kona ola. Hoʻohana nui ʻia ia ma ke ʻano mechanical, e like me nā sila mechanical no kona kūpaʻa maikaʻi i ka palaho kemika, ikaika kiʻekiʻe, paʻakikī kiʻekiʻe, kūpaʻa maikaʻi i ka ʻaʻahu ʻana, ka coefficient friction liʻiliʻi a me ke kūpaʻa wela kiʻekiʻe.
Ke hoʻohana ʻia no nā maka sila mechanical, hopena ka silicon carbide i ka hana maikaʻi, hoʻonui i ke ola sila, hoʻemi i nā kumukūʻai mālama, a me nā kumukūʻai holo haʻahaʻa no nā lako wili e like me nā turbines, compressors, a me nā pamu centrifugal. Hiki i ka Silicon carbide ke loaʻa nā waiwai like ʻole ma muli o ke ʻano o ka hana ʻana. Hoʻokumu ʻia ka silicon carbide i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā ʻāpana silicon carbide kekahi i kekahi i loko o kahi kaʻina hana.
ʻAʻole kēia kaʻina hana e hoʻopilikia nui i ka hapa nui o nā waiwai kino a me ka wela o ka mea, akā naʻe, kaupalena ia i ke kūpaʻa kemika o ka mea. ʻO nā kemika maʻamau i pilikia, ʻo ia nā caustics (a me nā kemika pH kiʻekiʻe ʻē aʻe) a me nā waikawa ikaika, a no laila, ʻaʻole pono e hoʻohana ʻia ka silicon carbide i hoʻopaʻa ʻia me kēia mau noi.
Hana ʻia ka silicon carbide sintered ponoʻī ma ka sintering ʻana i nā ʻāpana silicon carbide pololei me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea kōkua sintering non-oxide i loko o kahi ʻano inert ma nā mahana ma luna o 2,000°C. Ma muli o ka nele o kahi mea lua (e like me ka silicon), kūpaʻa kemika ka mea sintered pololei i aneane kekahi wai a me ke ʻano hana e ʻike ʻia i loko o kahi pamu centrifugal.
He mea maʻalahi loa ka tungsten carbide e like me ka silicon carbide, akā ʻoi aku ka kūpono no nā noi kaomi kiʻekiʻe no ka mea he elasticity kiʻekiʻe aʻe e hiki ai iā ia ke kulou iki a pale i ka hoʻopilikia ʻana o ka maka. E like me ka silicon carbide, hiki ke hoʻopili hou ʻia a hoʻopili ʻia.
Hana pinepine ʻia nā carbides tungsten ma ke ʻano he carbides cemented no laila ʻaʻohe hoʻāʻo e hoʻopaʻa i ka tungsten carbide iā ia iho. Hoʻohui ʻia kahi metala lua e hoʻopaʻa a hoʻopaʻa paha i nā ʻāpana tungsten carbide, e hopena ana i kahi mea i loaʻa nā waiwai i hui pū ʻia o ka tungsten carbide a me ka mea hoʻopaʻa metala.
Ua hoʻohana ʻia kēia i kahi pono ma ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka paʻakikī nui a me ka ikaika hopena ma mua o ka hiki me ka tungsten carbide wale nō. ʻO kekahi o nā nāwaliwali o ka cemented tungsten carbide ʻo kona nui kiʻekiʻe. I ka wā ma mua, ua hoʻohana ʻia ka cobalt-bound tungsten carbide, akā naʻe ua hoʻololi mālie ʻia e ka nickel-bound tungsten carbide ma muli o ka nele o ka laulā o ka hoʻohālikelike kemika e pono ai no ka ʻoihana.
Hoʻohana nui ʻia ka nickel-bound tungsten carbide no nā ʻaoʻao sila kahi e makemake ʻia ai ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe a me nā waiwai paʻakikī kiʻekiʻe, a he kūpono maikaʻi kona kūlike kemika i kaupalena ʻia e ka nickel manuahi.
GFPTFE
He kūpaʻa kemika maikaʻi ko GFPTFE, a ʻo ke aniani i hoʻohui ʻia e hōʻemi ana i ka friction o nā ʻaoʻao sila. He kūpono ia no nā noi maʻemaʻe a ʻoi aku ka makepono ma mua o nā mea ʻē aʻe. Aia nā ʻano like ʻole e hoʻohālikelike maikaʻi i ka sila i nā koi a me ke kaiapuni, e hoʻomaikaʻi ana i kāna hana holoʻokoʻa.
Buna
ʻO Buna (ʻike ʻia hoʻi ʻo ka nitrile rubber) he elastomer kūpono no nā O-rings, nā sealant a me nā huahana i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia. Ua kaulana ia no kāna hana mechanical a hana maikaʻi i nā noi aila, petrochemical a me nā kemika. Hoʻohana nui ʻia no ka aila maka, ka wai, nā ʻano waiʻona like ʻole, ka silicone grease a me nā noi wai hydraulic ma muli o kona paʻa ʻole.
ʻOiai ʻo Buna kahi copolymer rubber synthetic, hana maikaʻi ia i nā noi e pono ai ka hoʻopili ʻana o ka metala a me nā mea kū i ka abrasion, a ʻo kēia ʻano kemika hoʻi e kūpono ai no nā noi sealant. Eia kekahi, hiki iā ia ke kū i nā mahana haʻahaʻa no ka mea ua hoʻolālā ʻia me ka pale ʻana i ka waikawa a me ka alkali akahai.
Ua kaupalena ʻia ʻo Buna i nā hoʻohana me nā kumu koʻikoʻi e like me ke kiʻekiʻe o ka mahana, ke aniau, ka lā a me nā noi pale i ka mahu, a ʻaʻole kūpono me nā mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe-ma-kahi (CIP) i loaʻa nā waikawa a me nā peroxides.
EPDM
He laholio synthetic ka EPDM i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia i nā kaʻa, ke kūkulu ʻana a me nā noi mechanical no nā sila a me nā O-ring, nā tubing a me nā mea holoi. ʻOi aku ke kumukūʻai ma mua o Buna, akā hiki ke kū i nā ʻano thermal, weather a me nā waiwai mechanical ma muli o kona ikaika tensile kiʻekiʻe e mau ana. He versatile a kūpono hoʻi no nā noi e pili ana i ka wai, chlorine, bleach a me nā mea alkaline ʻē aʻe.
Ma muli o kona mau ʻano elastic a me ka pipili, ke kīkoʻo ʻia, hoʻi ka EPDM i kona ʻano mua me ka nānā ʻole i ka mahana. ʻAʻole ʻōlelo ʻia ka EPDM no ka ʻaila petroleum, nā wai, ka hydrocarbon chlorinated a i ʻole nā mea hoʻoheheʻe hydrocarbon.
ʻO Viton
He huahana ʻōpala hydrocarbon fluorinated lōʻihi ka Viton, hana kiʻekiʻe, i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia i nā O-Rings a me nā sila. ʻOi aku ke kumukūʻai ma mua o nā mea ʻōpala ʻē aʻe akā ʻo ia ke koho makemake ʻia no nā pono sila paʻakikī a koi nui loa.
Kūpaʻa i ka ozone, ka oxidation a me nā kūlana ʻino loa, me nā mea e like me nā hydrocarbons aliphatic a me nā mea ʻala, nā wai halogenated a me nā mea waikawa ikaika, ʻo ia kekahi o nā fluoroelastomers ikaika loa.
He mea nui ke koho ʻana i ka mea kūpono no ke sila ʻana no ka holomua o kahi noi. ʻOiai he like nā mea sila he nui, lawelawe kēlā me kēia i nā kumu like ʻole e hoʻokō ai i kekahi pono kikoʻī.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Iulai-12-2023